The Wikipedia article on NT architecture is decent enough (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT), and some quick searching brought up this slide-deck from 2008 that's pretty good too: http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~zwang/files/cop4610/Fall2016/windows....
I'm most impressed w/ the kernel object manager and the pluggable user-mode "personalities". I've always dreamed of an NT "distribution" that didn't have Win32 but, instead, shipped with the Interix (aka Service for Unix) POSIX personality.
https://www.amazon.com/Windows-Internals-Part-architecture-m...
Oh, and @EvanAnderson - you might want to take a look at the Windows Sybsystem for Linux (WSL) - which allows you to run unmodified ELF64 Linux binaries directly on Windows:
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/2016/06/02/lear...