Sorry if this is anecdotal babble, but when I was in junior-high they put all of us that were ‘ahead’ (I.e. those that read too much instead of going outside and socialising) in a Critial Thinking class.
I loved it, thought I was a great critical thinker, and then ended up getting a D in the final exam. My teenage hubris was a double-edged sword. Nevertheless, some of the concepts we were taught over a decade ago still stick with me as great heuristics that crop up all the time in poorly constructed arguments.
A few of my favourites that I recommend you read-up on (Wikipedia or otherwise) are:
- Tu-Quoque
- Ad Homeneim
- Straw Man
- CRAVEN for Credibility of Evidence
Apologies if you already know these, just thought they may help you on your journey to more critical everyday thought. :)