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In practice there are not so many. And e.g. on Windows I use an old VS compiler version and can then also use it with later VS versions (but not vice versa). Linux is also no issue because Qt is usually part of the distribution, i.e. there is no need to compile it as long as you depend on the standard version (not a custom one).

Personally I don't work with package managers, but prefer so setup and control the environment myself. It's not that difficult, and there is also Docker.

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On Windows, MSVC does not provide guarantees that it will not keep the ABI on new releases. The drawback of using the Qt provided by the Linux distribution, is the reproducibility of the development environment as it is not possible to control the version of the Qt installed and also to have multiple Qt installations with different versions. As a result, the compilation of a Qt application may fail on different Linux distribution which uses a different and incompatible version of Qt. Docker can solve the reproduciblity of the development environment problem, but it still does not integrate well with development tools such as IDEs, building systems and so on.

The advantage of a package manager is the reuse of binary artifact on many projects and also the control over the library version. Conan package manager could be used for providing pre-compiled binary artifacts of Qt library. For instance, provides pre-compiled boost library and poco library for lots of different compilers, compiler versions and operating systems which saves one from building and installing those libraries.