It seems that Europe is going in the right direction with GDPR and now GAIA-X project. The fact that GDPR is mentioned a lot in the proposal really make clear their main intentions.

Perhaps the limited presence of big, powerful and influential FAANG like companies significantly reduce the lobby or pressure on the European governments to take the necessary actions to guard and protect their citizens' data.

Hopefully this can provide the right fundamentals and creates impetus for more personal data friendly localhost first and cloud second software paradigm. This paradigm is more natural and secure than the cloud first software paradigm currently being practiced by major software companies (e.g. FAANG).