Whatever Linux calls Termux makes use of, they aren't allowed and work by chance.
Here are the official NDK APIs,
https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/stable_apis
Anything else is considered unstable, not guaranteed to work across devices or OS updates, or even selected for SE/seccomp validation.
Android is not Linux, no matter how many think that it is the victory of Desktop Linux.
This is what many seem to fail to understand, Android is not a Linux distribution as such, trying to pretend otherwise will only lead to disappointment.
Just because you aren't supposed to do Linux syscalls directly, doesn't mean there isn't an Android compliant way to achieve the same goal.
For example, you aren't supposed to fumble with Linux networking APIs directly rather use the NDK and Java APIs for the same.
But in this case, they didn't give us Android compliant ways to do any of the stuff they restricted.