Karōshi (過労死, karōshi?), which can be translated quite literally from Japanese as "death from overwork", is occupational sudden death. The major medical causes of karōshi deaths are heart attack and stroke due to stress.
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An interesting fact hidden in the article: the family had to prove that the death was caused by "overwork" in order to get a payout from his employer's insurance.
So I guess it's a concept which exists mostly for legal reasons. The only reason they have it and we don't is that our insurance system doesn't work the same way.