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"In signalling environments ranging from consumption to education, high-quality senders often
shun the standard signals that should separate them from lower-quality senders. We find that
allowing for additional, noisy information on sender quality permits equilibria where medium
types signal to separate themselves from low types, but high types then choose to not signal,
or countersignal. High types not only save costs by relying on the additional information to
stochastically separate them from low types, but countersignalling itself is a signal of confidence
that separates high types from medium types."
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