Along similar lines, from my skim of the README, it also seems like deallocated things are not actually released until the return from the nearest autorelease block, which is not exactly convenient for Rust (and it's not properly safe either without at least an extra retain). I always imagined that when you call through Swift it's a more native memory management interface, but perhaps it's also the same Obj-C layer under the hood.
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The c++ wrappings break ARC, so if you use this library you'll have to manually retain/release any object. The autorelease pool is helpful if you autorelease an object but you'll need to manually manage the memory when using this set of helpers.
In obj-c or swift, ARC would handle that for you, so this makes the memory management aspect of using Metal a bit more of a headache.
Right. Would you happen to know if there's a way to make a retained object actually deallocate on last "release," other than putting an autorelease pool around it? Would you also happen to know if the Swift bindings have this same wonky autorelease behavior, or more straightforward Swift-style refcounting?
From a quick grep, it looks like this wrapper does not automatically call autorelease, so autorelease happens only when a method implementation autoreleases its own return value (or if you call autorelease yourself).
Objective-C has a standard rule for when a method is supposed to autorelease its return value: to quote the metal-cpp readme, it's when "you create an object with a method that does not begin with `alloc`, `new`, `copy`, or `mutableCopy`". In many cases, these are convenience methods that also have equivalent "initWith" methods, e.g.
[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", 42]
[[[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"%d", 42] autorelease]
When a method does call autorelease, Swift doesn't have any way of getting around it, though if there are autoreleasing and alloc/init variants of the same method, it will prefer alloc/init. Other than that, Swift likes to use the function objc_retainAutoreleasedReturnValue [1], which may prevent the object from going on the autorelease pool (with the 'optimized return' magic), but only as a non-guaranteed optimization.
[1] https://github.com/apple-opensource/objc4/blob/a367941bce42b...
Thanks, this is helpful. The specific method that's causing me trouble right at the moment is "computeCommandEncoder"[1], which is a method off MTLCommandBuffer, and I think not in the "new" class. In the Rust bindings[2], this is just a msg_send! and from what I can tell is getting an autoreleased reference, not a retained one.
It looks like objc_retainAutoreleasedReturnValue might be exactly what I'm looking for, even if it isn't 100% guaranteed; if I'm understanding, it would be safe, and wouldn't actually leak as long as you had an autorelease pool somewhere in the chain. However, I'm not seeing a binding to it in the objc crate[3]. Sounds like maybe I should file an issue?
Also, given that such a method seems obviously useful, I wonder why it's not being called from these C++ bindings?
[1]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/metal/mtlcommandbu...
[2]: https://github.com/gfx-rs/metal-rs/blob/master/src/commandbu...
> The specific method that's causing me trouble right at the moment is "computeCommandEncoder"
Yeah, it looks like there's no way to avoid autorelease here.
> It looks like objc_retainAutoreleasedReturnValue might be exactly what I'm looking for, even if it isn't 100% guaranteed; if I'm understanding, it would be safe, and wouldn't actually leak as long as you had an autorelease pool somewhere in the chain.
Indeed it would be safe and wouldn't leak, but the optimization is very much not guaranteed. It's based on the autorelease implementation manually reading the instruction at its return address to see if it's about to call objc_retainAutoreleaseReturnValue. See the description here:
https://github.com/apple-opensource/objc4/blob/a367941bce42b...
In fact – I did not know this before just now – on every arch other than x86-64 it requires a magic assembly sequence to be placed between the call to an autoreleasing method and the call to objc_retainAutoreleaseReturnValue.
It looks like swiftc implements this by just emitting LLVM inline asm blocks:
%6 = call %1* bitcast (void ()* @objc_msgSend to %1* (i8*, i8*, %0*)*)(i8* %5, i8* %3, %0* %4) #4
call void asm sideeffect "mov\09fp, fp\09\09// marker for objc_retainAutoreleaseReturnValue", ""()
%7 = bitcast %1* %6 to i8*
%8 = call i8* @llvm.objc.retainAutoreleasedReturnValue(i8* %7)
(…Though, on second look, it seems that swiftc and clang sometimes use a different, more robust approach to emitting the same magic instruction… but only sometimes.)
Regardless, enough stars have to align for the optimization to work that you shouldn't rely on it to avoid a (temporary) memory leak; you should only treat it as an optional micro-optimization.
That said, the C++ buildings could have implemented the same scheme using inline assembly. And so could the Rust crate (edit: well, I guess inline asm is not stable in Rust yet). It's not the like magic instructions are ABI unstable or anything, given that clang and swiftc happily stick them in when compiling any old Objective-C or Swift code. But I'm guessing the authors of the C++ bindings either didn't want to bother with inline assembly, or considered it an unnecessary micro-optimization. Or perhaps didn't even know about it. /shrug/
Thanks very much for this detailed information, it's very helpful. I've filed https://github.com/gfx-rs/metal-rs/issues/222 to track it in the Rust ecosystem side.
If the object is not autoreleased then doing a release call will deallocate the object, otherwise it will be added to the nearest autorelease pool from the current stack and be deallocated when the pool is drained.
Swift and obj-c have the same ARC semantics, so I'm not sure what you mean by swift-style refcounting. It should be identical to the obj-c ARC semantics.
https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AutomaticReferenceCounting.html outlines the ARC semantics, including the autorelease behavior.
By "swift-style refcounting" I mean the object is reliably deallocated exactly when the last release is called. Following up on the response to comex, I would say I would get these semantics if I called objc_retainAutoreleasedReturnValue on the allocating method's return value, and it actually worked.
In general, a retained object is deallocated on last release. However ownership of some objects somewhere may have been given to an autoreleasepool, in which case “the last release” for those objects will come from the pool. To what extent this happens is implementation-defined.
Swift and ObjC implementations have levers which discourage objects being sent to the pool in common cases. It is possible to pull them from other languages but not easy.
Should be pretty trivial to create RAII Obj-C variants of shared_ptr and unique_ptr that automatically call retain and release as the reference is acquired, and when it leaves scope, respectively.
It doesn't break ARC right, it just won't do the automatic reference counting in C++ source. You can send it back and forth over the wall with CFBridgingRetain and CFBridgingRelease no?
Having an autorelease pool is pretty standard practice, and ARC works the same way in ObjC (and I assume Swift) apps - stuff that was autoreleased accumulates in the pool until it is drained, which tends to happen every turn of the run loop.
> It doesn't break ARC right, it just won't do the automatic reference counting in C++ source. You can send it back and forth over the wall with CFBridgingRetain and CFBridgingRelease no?
I guess I should say that clang's ARC doesn't apply to these c++ wrappers.
The c++ code is loading symbols using the objc runtime API's to load symbols and call objc runtime APIs to dispatch the metal calls. So, you could pass these references to other objc code and it should have the correct refcounts afterwards.
Having to manually retain/release objects is a bit of a pain, but its workable.
Using a c++ RAII type to retain/release is also somewhat do-able, but I worked in a codebase that had that kind of code and it can be frustrating to get the refcounts to be correct synchronized. Although that was back with c++11, so I'm sure things have changed that would make this easier today.
Thanks for the follow-up!
Huh, I'm surprised. I had just assumed without looking that this library provided wrapper classes where the copy constructor calls retain and the destructor calls release. Apparently not.
Yeah, kind of weird there's no smart ARC class, although I suppose you need a way to override it when you need a weak reference. I guess it would be trivial to add one?
I suspect they didn't implement RAII because, in the intended usage, they expect the autorelease pool to be drained every frame.
Somewhat unrelated, but is Rust `Arc` able to match the performance of Swift reference counting? I know they do a bunch of fancy tricks to embed the reference count into the pointer high bits, it seems like Rust would probably struggle to achieve that.