This is my latest article. I use the fact that AT&T is mailing me a free phone, to explain the difference between circuit-switching and packet-switching.
3G networks are packet switched just like 4g.
4G is VOIP, witch just means those packets are routed over IP (internet protocol).
Circuit switching pretty much only exists as the last mile on aging landlines.
EDIT: Also, circuit switched cell phones are a physical impossibility. A circuit switched phone has to be hard wired to a network, otherwise there is no circuit.
In the case of the circuit switched network, imagine all the coper wires connecting New York to San Fransisco were cut. It might be possible to for residents of both cities to make calls to Chicago and Denver, but New York to San Fransisco would be impossible until the copper lines were repaired.
The packet switch network that replaced the old circuit switched network used fixed manually configured routes, so the same thing could happen if the digital links connectyng New York and Sanfransico failed.
On a IP protocol network, any two connected devices should be able to communicate. Severying the links between New York and San Fransisco wouldn't cause an outage, because packates could go through Chicago.
3G Phones maintained parralel networks for voice and data. An IP network for data, and a separate (probably) non IP network for calls.
VolTE allows carriers to do away with the second network and send all voice over the data network. It is kind of like a skype app built into the dialer.
This is a bit of an oversimplification, it is possible your 3g calls were being bridged over an ip network. I hope this gives you a better understanding.