The biggest would be bad wages - why earn €6,000/yr when you can earn 3-4x in Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, UK, etc.

Institutionally, the mix of corruption, bad demographics, weak infrastructure due to Hoxhaism plus the post-1991 collapse, blowback from ethnoreligious conflicts across the border in former Yugoslavia, the civil war in the 1997, and the earthquake in 2019 have not helped.