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For the most part, though, markets elude the grasp of representation. How can a novel capture this opaque, all-powerful, and essential force?

I thought Don DeLillo’s novel (and later film adaptation) Cosmopolis did a good job exploring the abstract power of money. Here’s an excerpt:

”We want to think about the art of money-making," she said. She was sitting in the rear seat, his seat, the club chair, and he looked at her and waited. "The Greeks have a word for it." He waited. "Chrimatistikos," she said. "But we have to give the word a little leeway. Adapt it to the current situation. Because money has taken a turn. All wealth has become wealth for its own sake. There's no other kind of enormous wealth. Money has lost its narrative quality the way painting did once upon a time. Money is talking to itself."

She usually wore a beret but was bareheaded today, Vija Kinski, a small woman in a button-down business shirt, an old embroidered vest and a long pleated skirt of a thousand launderings, his chief of theory, late for their weekly meeting. "And property follows of course. The concept of property is changing by the day, by the hour. The enormous expenditures that people make for land and houses and boats and planes. This has nothing to do with traditional self-assurances, okay. Property is no longer about power, personality and command. It's not about vulgar display or tasteful display. Because it no longer has weight or shape. The only thing that matters is the price you pay. Yourself, Eric, think.

What did you buy for your one hundred and four million dollars? Not dozens of rooms, incomparable views, private elevators. Not the rotating bedroom and computerized bed. Not the swimming pool or the shark. Was it air rights? The regulating sensors and software? Not the mirrors that tell you how you feel when you look at yourself in the morning. You paid the money for the number itself. One hundred and four million. This is what you bought. And it's worth it. The number justifies itself.”

The film version:

https://youtu.be/eVRpA-_jzV4

That gives a nice ethymology for spanish "crematístico" (pertaining to money)
Cosmopolis
Oops I forgot to include the title. Yep, both film and novel are called Cosmopolis.
In this era of inflation, let me once again recommend Arthur R. G. Solmssen's A Princess in Berlin (1980), which covertly offers a crash course in early-1920s German political and economic history—including many details of the societal effects of hyperinflation—amidst a very sweet love story.
Surprised the author did not mention Louis Auchincloss, who is the obvious template for the excellent Diaz book. Auchincloss was fascinated by what money did to the wealthy class of his time. The Great World and Timothy Colt, The House of Five Talents (fiction but about the Vanderbilts) and many others focus on what happens to the person who makes the money and what they ultimately leave behind.

It was common for Auchincloss to use diaries, news stories, and personal narration from people around the subject to provide perspective. The Rector of Justin has six narrators. This seems to be most useful at piercing the many layers that form around wealth, and how the individuals often lose themselves. Citizen Kane would be the film example of this.

Auchincloss was also a great short story writer. Tales of Manhattan is a great way to get into his subtle, but deeply perceptive writing about New York's old world of finance, law and art worlds.

The book in reference here is Trust, which was a finalist for the most recent Booker prize. I would say the answer to the question posed here is definitely, “yes”. It’s well written, has a good twist, and occasionally evokes the idea of ML algorithms used to predict the stock market (even though it’s set in the early 20th century).