There is significant evidence that Neanderthals lived in communities which supported each other, even when they were wounded. Most notably, Shanidar 1 [1] was found with hearing loss, a severed (yet healed!) arm, and broken legs, indicating that someone else must have cared for him for some time.
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>...The sharp point caused by a distal fracture of the individual's right humerus points towards this theory of amputation. If the arm was amputated, this demonstrates one of the earliest signs of surgery on a living individual.
Deliberate amputation at 45,000 to 60,000 BCE! I suppose they could have immediately cauterized the wound, but it is incredible that someone would survive the procedure without succumbing to sepsis or blood loss. Would they have even considered a tourniquet?