Some are very straightforward - just an encoding of which level you were on, your score, etc.
Others are that plus a halfhearted checksum, or an actual standard CRC checksum.
Still others are these elaborate obfuscation schemes with encryption using a fixed key, then scrambling, then a checksum.
My favorite so far: ThunderStrike 2 does a few things, and one of them XORs your input with the string "NOSEY GIT". I took it to mean the original programmer was chiding me for trying to cheat at the game.