this is probably an unpopular opinion, but isn't this working as intended:
* Palantir started in the US as a start up and burned a lot of money building the systems they are running today and that are finally profitable
* Those systems are used from the UK subsidiary but if a different consultancy would use them, they would be billed accordingly. That's transfer pricing
The article says as much. Before Palantir has to pay taxes in the US, they first work through previous losses which to a large extent are stock options for their employees. Early employees took a risk working there, it paid off, that gets deducted from the profits. Same for other early spending.