The ASSERT (note caps) macro in Microsoft MFC library does this. It uses a "INT 3" instruction (x86/x64) via "AfxDebugBreak" to invoke the debugger.

Since the above is a well-known technique, it has now been generalized and standardized via "std::breakpoint" in C++26 - https://en.cppreference.com/cpp/utility/breakpoint

This function standardizes many similar existing facilities: __builtin_debugtrap from LLVM, DebugBreak() from Win32 API, __debugbreak Microsoft Specific C/C++ extension, debugger_break from boost.test, assert(false), _asm { int 3 } (MSVC) and asm("int3") (GCC/clang) for x86 targets, etc.