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Many runways have something called PAPI (precision approach path indicator) which does something similar. Basically you have four (or two sometimes for less precise version) lights which appear either red or white depending on whether you are high or low on the glidepath and you aim to get two reds and two whites - more whites means too high, more reds too low.
I can see that this would be not very intuitive for left/right guidance but are similar systems used in ship navigation?
Yes - sector lights. When you are on a channel / in safe water they’re white, red in the port sector, or green when you are too far starboard. Some will combine this with an angle dependant flash to alert you how far into a port or starboard sector you may be.
The other common mark you’ll see are leads which are two lights, one behind the other. The front is lower and the rear is higher. When they’re aligned you’re on the channel. These also have day shapes attached that provide an upwards and downwards facing triangle to align.
It is used and I guess it works largely the same way as in author’s first picture: you get arrows pointing towards where you should correct your course to. Tom Scott has made a video on those: https://wew.youtube.com/watch?v=d99_h30swtM
If you tune two strings together, listening for beats, you are also guided by a moiré pattern. The whistle you hear when tuning an old AM radio is also moiré beats caused by the overlap of the local oscillator frequency and the incoming carrier.
Another example of moiré for accurate indication: optical flats:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_flat
This application shows how an optical flat resting on a gauge block indicates a tilt: showing that the adjacent object being tested is taller or shorter than the block by a minute amount. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Optical_flats_in_use...
Interference patterns are basically moiré. Anything using interference for fine calibration is using moiré.
I don't think optical flats operate based on moiré gratings. The former is an interference/diffraction effect while the latter, is you underpinned earlier, is a sort of spatial heterodyning effect. For instance, you can generate moiré rulings (which effectively an optical illusion) with two angularly misaligned combs, but the comb spacing is order of magnitude larger than optical wavelengths, leading one to conclude it's not a wave interference phenomenon.
A relatively simple system of lights is used at Portsmouth Harbour to help the aircraft carriers navigate the narrow channel in and out of port.
This looks to be similar to the 3-light system that the author talks about.
https://insidedio.blog.gov.uk/2016/08/22/safe-approach-to-po...
To provide navigational certainty the vessel’s navigator visually aligns one set of three up with the other (i.e. they act as a pair) and because each of the three lights is a different colour the navigator can be certain he’s lining up the correct lights.It's really neat that the author took the time to fabricate their own light.
I've been looking for something similar in concept for when I back into my garage from a side street with basically no driveway. It's a very narrow single-car garage. I can consistently back in well enough for myself, but if I'm not dead-on and I have passengers, passengers on one side of the car are going to have to squeeze to get out.
Essentially it can be hard to tell if I'm perfectly parallel with the garage walls and whether I'm off center, or rather if I'm within tolerance to back in even if the angle isn't perfect.
I've looked into building something like range lights [1], but I don't think the math scales down to short distances. Plus if I'm looking in the rearview mirror or my backup camera, neither of which are perfectly aligned with the direction of travel, that might mess with optical navigation aids.
I might have to dig into this moire approach to see if it would be more feasible.
Yes, obviously this is a minor inconvenience that I'm able to deal with on a regular basis, but it's fun to theorycraft.
You can probably get better angular resolution with lenticular sheets. You see one image if you're dead on, and the other images if you're off to the left or right.
Some napkin math says a couple inches of precision should be achievable at reasonable distances?
Low-tech solution in my driveway: Put the car into the desired position, then hang up a couple of old tennis balls on strings to just touch it.
Do hanging tennis balls (and their expensive gadget relatives, laser pointers) help with backing in straight?
In my mental model, the tennis ball tells you when you've backed in / pulled in the appropriate distance. I'm not seeing how it would help me back in straight / centered in my garage, or at least not until I've already backed in so far that I'd need to pull out again to try again.
Usually "good enough". Garages aren't big enough to be completely crazy in angles. People pick a consistent location for the tennis ball. Their face, a sticker, a mirror, etc. If they are off, its not going to line up correctly.
My fire hall has spray-paint lines to align the rear wheels with in the mirror, including a short cross-line at the stopping point when backing in. Works great!
Could you maybe arrange some hints for yourself in the surrounding landscaping?
I have done similar in the past with what I call "taking mental snapshots", but it's always easier if there are things you can change to simplify the process. i.e. make sure to align the side mirrors with the flower pots when I'm backed up enough to begin straightening out (direction of the misalignment tells which way to adjust).
The extreme end of this would, of course, be putting lines down for the rear tires. I'm just curious if there's a better way using what you already have so it doesn't look dorky.
Ultimately the only trick to backing up perfectly is the distance to each side being equal as you reverse in as straight of a line as you can, so I'm not sure it takes more than two surrounding reference points being compared to another two points on the car. Distance to each side is comparing the lower corners of the rear window to the lower corners of the garage opening. Flower pots or something else further away gives you better "angular resolution" when you're straightening up (no idea what else to call it).
Love this. I often think of these applications when I see it in building windows where the screen and it's own reflection. I am tinkering virtually:
https://www.ouruboroi.com/moire
This reminds me of pre-GPS systems like LORAN [0], where it also involves ship navigation by demarcating everything into patterned regions.
Moire patterns can also be used as a magnification device, similar to microscope. For example, when two screens having microscopic hexagonal holes are made to slids past each other as a slight angle, one can see large hexagons.
> "it's difficult to research something if you don't know the name of it"
> - Tom Scott, 8 years ago
Ah, research in the pre-LLM era was quite different. You actually had to know which questions to ask.
Going one level down further, it's really hard to imagine what it was like doing research into something you have zero clue about in the pre-Google era. I guess you just asked a librarian and hoped they'd point you roughly towards the right section and then just started to read random books?
When I first joined the university I went to a guided tour of the library. The librarian said that this was the most important tour of my entire stay. She said that the key for finding knowledge was not about the answers but the questions.
It's about finding the questions to ask. About learning to learn. The tour guided us through actually using the library and how to learn the library which is a way to find the questions first and then find the answers afterwards. The librarian then outlined their role in helping the student in how to learn, and how to use the various facilities too.
Learning the question is something that is most fundamental to learning but is kind of overlooked.
A good knowledge system should probe initial enquiries to identify what the users actual desires, gaps and questions are. No one wants a sycophantic doctor, they want one that can ask probing detailed questions to learn whats really going on.
With Tom Scott in particular, there’s a number of his videos that are kinda eerie to watch now with today’s LLM context
Tom describes an LLM word for word 4 years before GPT3
"I think it's a long way off"
Welp, I hope this one doesn't age similarly: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFe9wiDfb0E
Ah, research in the pre-LLM era was quite different. You actually had to know which questions to ask.
You get a much better response if you ask the right questions in the right language though. Expertise still has value.
I guess you just asked a librarian and hoped they'd point you roughly towards the right section and then just started to read random books?
You looked it up in an encyclopedia first, which gave you the basics. That gave you enough to find it in a library using the Dewey Decimal code. From there you could generally trust the book because they tended to be trusted if they were in a library. For newer topics you swapped books for journals.
Researching a niche topic as someone outside of the academic community with no journal access was basically impossible.
Encyclopaedias, damn I've forgotten that used to be a thing. I think I still have a few somewhere that were used maybe once or twice. Now that was something internet search engines really made obsolete almost overnight.
Come to think of it though, as long as civilization has existed, libraries have been a thing. Or well, monasteries or some kind of place that kept records and copied books. And before that you just asked the oldest person in your village/tribe and hoped they knew I guess. It's weird that access to knowledge has basically been unchanged for the past ~10k or so years until now.
Search engines didn’t themselves make encyclopedias obsolete, a certain free online encyclopedia made paper (and CD-ROM) encyclopedias obsolete.
In general, yes, you'd probably start at a library's reference desk. (which are still a thing!) Some serial publications have indices where you can find key words (and there are also similar indices published by subject area). If you're looking at academic works, most of them will have a bibliography for you to look through, and those works can have their own bibliographies. This includes subject specific encyclopaedias etc which are usually a good place to start.