Sounds like the host machine paniced/crashed/died, and your guest was killed rather than being cleanly shutdown.

Once it came up the file-system check was executed where it either repaired or screwed the file-system further.

I've no experience of this with DO, but certainly with any unclean shutdown file-system corruption is always a possibility.

What should you do now? Shut down the guest, create a new one, and restore your backups to it. If you don't have backups consider this a good justification for starting them. (We all learn that lesson the hard way once, if you need to be taught more than once you should instead look for a sysadmin who will set them up for you.)