And very different UIs. If by desktop Linux you meant text based programs (no GUIs) than I think, at least technically, it should be possible to use a cross compiler toolchain (based on Clang) from VS 2015.
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You can run an entire debian distro in a chroot environment in Android. I have done it. Works fine for cli stuff.
You'd have to make sure you statically link the program, because android uses a different libc than most other linux distros.
Or you point the linker at a different libc.
I think the question isn't so much "Can I make VSC++ Android apps run on Linux" so much as "Can I futz around with linker flags, and get a desktop binary if I point it to the right runtime, start files, and so on?"